Construction of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscope and its calibration

Soon after the importance of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy was established more sophisticated instruments started coming into use. At present High Resolution Spectroscopes which are of the self-recording type are extensively used in research. However, the high cost of the instrument prevents its use in smaller and poorer schools. In recent years a low cost instrument of the single coil type has been constructed by the Aero Medical Laboratory which is alright for demonstration purposes but cannot be used for research because of low resolution. The idea of the present project was to see whether a similar instrument of double coil type could be made at a low cost of about $200. This instrument could give the proton resonance peak of water and be used for demonstration purposes

VISIO-HAPTIC DEFORMABLE MODEL FOR HAPTIC DOMINANT PALPATION SIMULATOR

Vision and haptic are two most important modalities in a medical simulation. While visual cues assist one to see his actions when performing a medical procedure, haptic cues enable feeling the object being manipulated during the interaction. Despite their importance in a computer simulation, the combination of both modalities has not been adequately assessed, especially that in a haptic dominant environment. Thus, resulting in poor emphasis in resource allocation management in terms of effort spent in rendering the two modalities for simulators with realistic real-time interactions. Addressing this problem requires an investigation on whether a single modality (haptic) or a combination of both visual and haptic could be better for learning skills in a haptic dominant environment such as in a palpation simulator. However, before such an investigation could take place one main technical implementation issue in visio-haptic rendering needs to be addresse

A Low Cost Mass-Market Deployable Security Approach Against GPS Spoofing Attacks

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is used ubiquitously for navigation and timing synchronization purposes. Many telecommunication, finance and aviation systems rely heavily on GPS information for routine operations. GPS functions by relying on satellites orbiting the earth in very accurately predictable orbits, which are used as references to identify the positions of objects (receivers). Receivers calculate their positions by receiving GPS signals and calculating their relative distances to each of the satellites. With enough relative distances, the receiver can resolve its position using the method known as trilateration [1]. In this thesis, we underline the vulnerability of this orbiting infrastructure to spoofing attacks, by easily procurable and affordable software defined radios. GPS Signal spoofing is a type of malicious attack, where an attacker generates fake GPS signal with valid GPS properties but false navigational and/or timing information to fool non-suspecting receivers. These signals appear authentic and receivers end up processing the false signal and extracting wrong information. There are two types of GPS services, civilian and military. The military service is encrypted and not vulnerable to such attacks because the pseudorandom codes are not disclosed to the public. However, this service is accessible to authorized military personnel alone. All other commercial and public GPS receivers which form the mass of the population are vulnerable to spoofing attacks. The civilian GPS broadcast band is not encrypted, and this makes it easy for an attacker to recreate the signal that appears valid to GPS receivers. In this thesis we implement a low cost, easy for mass-market application Doppler measurement based spoofing detection approach, utilizing non-specialized off the shelf commercial receivers

Contribution of Maharaja Ganga Singh of Bikaner Towards the Foundation of Chamber of Princes

After the revolt of 1857 there was a change in the policy of British government towards princely states. Because the princely states not only sided with the British government of India during the revolt of 1857 they helped the British government of India by supplying their troops in order to suppress the revolt. Lord Cunning openly remarked that the princes helped us as break waters in the storm. Now there will be no territorial extension and their rights and dignities would be respected in relation to the British crown. In pursuance of this policy it was Lord Lytton who first thought of the possibilities of utilising the princes as a strong bulwark against the demands of the British India .It was the Delhi Durbar of 1911 which aroused the feeling of unity in their minds. They wanted the conferences of the princes should be convened from time to time to discuss the matters affecting them vis-à-vis the government of India. Various princes went on repeating the suggestions and expressed freely themselves on the scheme. The important minute presented by the Maharaja of Bikaner to lord Hardinge marked the real origin of the Chamber of princes. Keywords: Princely states, British government of India, revolt of 1857, Delhi durbar, bulwark

THE IMPACT OF LOAN SIZE AND GLOBAL FINANCIAL CRISIS ON INTEREST RATE SPREADS IN PAKISTAN’S COMMERCIAL BANKING SECTOR

This study investigates the effect of loan size and globalfinancial crisis on interest rate spreads (IRS) in Pakistan’s bankingsector. This study employs unbalanced panel data set of 22 commercialbanks in Pakistan for the period 2005-2014. By using fixed effectregression model, it is found that loan size is negatively affected bythe IRS which indicates that as loan size increases, IRS is reduced. Inthe same vein, bank size has a negative but insignificant effect on IRS.Liquidity and credit risks are negatively influenced by bankingspreads, whereas operating cost has a positive effect on IRS. Returnon assets (ROA) has no effect on IRS. Finally, recent global financialcrisis is also positively influenced by banking spreads which indicatesthat the financial system of Pakistan is globally integrated

Phytochemical Evaluation of Various Solvent Extracts of the Leaves, Fruits and Shoots of Ferula Jaeschkeana Vatke

The genus Ferula possess strong aromatic smell due to the presence of essential oil or oleoresin and is well-known in folk medicine for the treatment of various disorders. The present study aimed to investigate the presence of phytochemicals in various solvent extracts of leaves, fruits and shoots of Ferula jaeschkeana Vatke. This study investigates the effects of ethanol, methanol, chloroform, petroleum ether and aqueous extracts of leaves, fruits and shoots. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of various phytochemical constituents in the extracts of leaves, fruits and shoots. Phytochemical analysis of extracts of leaves confirmed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, saponins, phenolic compounds, proteins, anthraquinone glycosides, phytosterols, tannins, steroids, coumarins, quinones, carbohydrates, resins, triterpenoids and xanthoproteins, while it gave the negative results for cardiac glycosides, amino acids, phlobotannins and oxalates. Phytochemical analysis of extracts of fruits revealed the presence of all phytochemicals except anthraquinone glycosides, phlobotannins and xanthoproteins. Phytochemical analysis of extracts of shoots confirmed the presence of all phytochemicals except phlobotannins and oxalates. The presence of a several phytochemicals in Ferula jaeschkeana Vatke may serve as a possible source for the development of plant based novel drugs

A comprehensive study on the Bayesian modelling of extreme rainfall: A case study from Pakistan

AbstractIn this paper, the modelling of extreme rainfall is carried out in Pakistan by analysing annual daily maximum rainfall data via frequentist and Bayesian approaches. In frequentist settings, the parameters and return levels of the best fitted probabilistic model (i.e., generalized extreme value) are estimated using maximum likelihood and linear moments method. On the other side, under the Bayesian framework, the parameters and return levels are calculated both for noninformative and informative priors. This task is completed with the help of the Markov Chain Monte Carlo method using the Metropolis‐Hasting algorithm. This study also highlights a procedure to build an informative prior through historical records of the underlying processes from other nearby weather stations. The findings attained from the Bayesian paradigm demonstrate that the posterior inference could be affected by the choice of past knowledge used for the construction of informative priors. Additionally, the best method for the modelling of extreme rainfall over the country is decided with the support of assessment measures. In general, the Bayesian paradigm linked with the informative priors offers an adequate estimations scheme in terms of accuracy as compared to frequentist methods, accounting for ambiguity in parameters and return levels. Hence, these findings are very helpful in adopting accurate flood protection measures and designing infrastructures over the country